Monday 9 July 2012

CHOLA DYNASTY-INDIA

Chola Dynasty : A Kings List


The Chola empire was a kingdom which existed in South India.They had Tamilian origins but ruled large tracts of lands in adjoining Andhra,Kerala and Karnataka.

Because of their naval power, they also colonised their kingdom included in the same the present day countries of Sri Lanka,Maldives,Malaysia and Indonesia. Their trading sphere included their colonies and also China and the middle east.

They played a major role in the history of south India mainly in the sangam age before the invasion of the Kalabhras and later the Pallavas. Their name continued in the form of the Telugu Chodas who ruled in Renandu (Cuddapah dist) as feudatories of the Palalvas,chalukyas,Rashtrakutas. Around the mid 9th century, Vijayalaya, a Pallava feudatory conquered Tanjore and rose from obscurity.

The Chola kings were great patrons of arts, literature, poetry and constructed several magnificent temples, the most famous being the Brihadeswara temple of Thanjavur/Tanjore.

Prehistorical Cholas

The Cholas are mentioned even in Indian mythology. The Anbil Plates gives fifteen names before Vijayalaya Chola including the genuinely historical ones of Karikala, Perunarkilli and Kocengannan.

The Thiruvalangadu Plate names forty-four, and the Kanyakumari Plate almost up to fifty-two kings.

The Cholas were looked upon as descended from the Sun god. There is also another myth whereby a Chola king (an contemporary of sage Agastya) brought River Kaveri on earth. Then there is a story of Chola justice eulogised in a story of the king Manu who sentenced his son to death for having accidentally killed a calf. The Chola benevolance is personified in a story of King Shibi who rescued a dove from a hawk by giving his own flesh to the hungry hawk was also part of the early Chola legends. King Shibi was also called Sembiyan, a popular title assumed by a number of Chola kings.

Early Cholas

Early Cholas are mentioned in the Sangam literature. Their references occur at many places in form of poems and stories, but it is difficult to pinpoint them chronologically because of lack of dates.

Ilamcetcenni ruled with Puhar as his capital. He was said to be a contemporary of the Magadhan king Bindusara.He is credited to defeating both the Cheras and the Pandyas.Ruled around 301 BC (approx).

Karikala Chola was son of Ilamcetcenni and ruled approx. around 270 BC. Defeated the Cheras and Pandyas. Won Ceylon as well.

Nedunkilli . son. involved in a civil war with kin Nalinkilli


Killivalavan .son. captured Chera capital Karur.Defeated in battle by the Pandyas.Killed Malainadu chief Malayaman Tirumudikkari in battle.

Kopperuncholan was a poet and patronised arts literature and poetry.His sons quarreled in his tenure. Unable to resolve the strife, he himself commited suicide by starving himself to death.

Kocengannan defeated the Cheras in battle. Built 70 Shiva temples.

Perunarkilli was a powerfull monarch who performed the Rajasuya yagna after his victories.

Medieval Cholas


Vijayalaya Chola 848 – 871 conquered Tanjore from Muttarayar, a Pandya feudatory.

Aditya Chola I 871 - 907 Son. Helped his Pallava overlord Aparijata against the Pandyas in the decisive battle of Sri Purambiyam. In return he is rewarded with territories.But this also sows seeds of ambition in his mind, after he sees the Pallava weaknesses.Aditya kills the Pallava king and annexes Tondaimandalam in 891. Then conquers Kongu country and Western Gangas become his vassals.
Aditya I built quite a few temples for Siva and for Lord Vishnu. In fact in AD 890, his inscriptions speak of his contributions to the construction of the Ranganatha Temple at Srirangapatnam (now in Mandya district of Karnataka) in the country of Western Gangas who were both his feudatories and also had marital relations with him.

Parantaka Chola I .907 - 950 Son.Parantaka defeats the Pandyas, invades the Pandyan kingdom and earns himself the title Maduraikonda (the one who captured Madurai). Rajasimha appeals to Kassapa V, the king of Ceylon for assistance, but even the combined forces of the Pandyas and the Sinhalese are not able to keep the Cholas at bay and they suffer a huge defeat in Vellur near Madurai. The Cholas rule Pandyan territory for the next three hundred years. By 930 AD, Cholas rule whole of South India from Pener to Cape Comorin(except western coast rule of the Keralas).
Alarmed, the Rashtrakuta king Krishna III invades South India, conquers Ganga kingdom and defeats the Cholas at Takkolam in 949 and annexes Tondaimandalam. Parantaka dies in 953 AD.
The grand Chidambaram temple was patronised by Parantaka Chola I.

Sundara Chola or Parantaka II 957-93.defeats Vira Pandya and his Sinhalese allies, but unable to gain decisive success. Recovers Tondaimandalam from Rashtrakutas.

Rajaraja I .son.985 -1018 AD. conquers Western Ganga country.Defeats Kerala ruler, destroys his ships at Kandalarusalai ( Trivandrum ) and attacks Kollam (Quillon).Defeats Pandya king and seizes Madura. Takes possession ofstronghold of Udagai in Kudamalai (Coorg). Conquers Eastern Chalukya,Vengi and puts his own nominee Saktivarman on its throne, and marries his daughter Kundavvai to Vimaladitya, the younger brother of Saktivarman.Also defeats the Gangas of Kalinga who vied fr Vengi.
Rajaraja built the famous Brihadeshwara temple at Tanjore/Thanjavur. Inspite of being a Shaivite (which was the state religion of the Cholas), Rajaraja built several temples of Vishnu, and also helpedSailendra king of Java construct a Buddhist vihara. Declaress his son Rajendra Chola as Yuvaraja(king in waiting). Dies 1018.

Rajendra Chola 1018-1044. Son.
Was a Great Conquerer. He defeated the Pandyas, the Cheras, the Chalukyas, and several minor kings of Bengal and even humbled the mighty Pala king Mahipala..Also conquered and colonised Ceylon,Java,Sumatra,Malaya peninsula.
Built a new capital Gangakodaicholapuram decorated with lavish temples (Gangakodaicholiswaram temple) and palaces.He built a 16mile irrigation tank and a great college for Vedic study and started several reforms in administration.
Rajadhiraja Chola 1044-1053 AD.Son. Quelled several rebellions by Pandyas,Cheras and the Ceylonese and maintained his kingdom.
Lost his life in battle against the Chalukya king Someswara , but won the war because of the exploits of his brother Rajendra who was crowned the next king.

Rajendra Chola 1053-1063.Brother. Continued battles against the Chalukyas.

Virarajendra 1063-1070 son

Adhirajendra.Son. 1070 driven away within a year by Kulotunga I a kin.

Kulotunga I 1070-1118 AD had Chola blood in him and belonged to the Eastern Chalukya dynasty. He set aside Adhirajendra and became the next king.Repelled attacks from the western Chalukya king Vikramaditya VI (who supported the cause of Adhirajendra). He also defeated the Kalinga king Anantavarman Chodaganga. During his reign Ceylon became independent and after his death in 1118, Chalukyan king Vikramaditya VI captured Vengi.Hoysalas too drove away Cholas beyong Kaveri, and freed Mysore.
The famous Tamil poet Ottakuttan was a contemporary of Kulothunga Chola I and served at the courts of three of Kulothunga's successors.

Vikrama Chola 1118-1135 son.reconquered Vengi by defeating Someswara III, the Chalukyan king. He also recovered Gangavadi from the Hoysalas.

Kulothunga Chola II 1135-1150 son

Rajaraja Chola II son.1150-1163.built the Airavateswara temple at Darasuram.

Rajadhiraja Chola II .son.1163-1178

Kulotunga Chola III.son.1178-1218. Conquered Kalinga,Ilam (Ceylon),Madurai,Karur,Kataha.Defeated by Maravarman Sundara Pandiyan II. The Tamil writer Kamban was his contemporary.

Rajaraja III.son.1218-1256

Rajendra Chola III. 1256-1279. Son.Held hostage by Kadava chieftain, Kopperunchinga, his own feudatory. Pandyas seized his capital.With the help of the Hoysalas, the Chola king defeated the Pandyas. But the Kakatiya king,Ganpati occupied Kanchi in 1250 and weakened the Cholas decisively.

Pandyas underJatavarman Sundara Pandya,marched northwards and defeated the Hoysalas, the Kakatiyas and also dealt a final crushing blow to the Chola empire.

The Chola king Rajendra III henceforth ruled as a vassal of the Pandyas until the Mohammedan invasion of Malik Naib Kafur, the general of Aladin Khilji in 1310.

Thus the last vestige of the Chola empire was swept off.


ADDENDUM

The Chola kings of the Sangam (literature) period have legends about the mythical Chola kings.Their Pantheon of Gods were led by Shiva the supreme god, Aiyai or Uma the Kotravai(Kullabai), Sevvel or Muruga the Kurinci-Marudakkadavul, ThiruMaal or Maayoan the Mullaikkadavul, Vanci-Irai(Indira), Neitharman(Varuna), El the Uthi(the Sun) and Nanna the Mathi(the Moon) .


The following list of early Sangam Cholas has been built from the various poems of Purananuru. The dates of accession are approximate interpolation of the Hindu Puranic Timeline[ref.wikipedia].

• Eri Oliyan Vaendhi C. 3020 B.C.E.

• Maandhuvaazhi C. 2980 B.C.E.

• El Mei Nannan C. 2945 B.C.E.

• Keezhai Kinjuvan C. 2995 B.C.E.

• Vazhisai Nannan C. 2865 B.C.E.

• Mei Kiyagusi Aerru C. 2820 B.C.E.

• Aai Kuzhi Agusi Aerru C. 2810 B.C.E.

• Thizhagan Maandhi C. 2800 B.C.E.

• Maandhi Vaelan C. 2770 B.C.E.

• Aai Adumban C. 2725 B.C.E.

• Aai Nedun jaet chozha thagaiyan C. 2710 B.C.E.

• El Mei Agguvan a.k.a Keezh nedu mannan C. 2680 B.C.E.

• Mudiko Mei Kaalaiyam Thagaiyan C. 2650 B.C.E.

• Ilangok keezh kaalaiyan thagaiyan a.k.a. Ilangeezh nannan C. 2645 B.C.E. -start of Kadamba lineage by his brother Aai Keezh Nannan

• Kaalaiyan gudingyan C. 2630 B.C.E.

• Nedun gaalayan dhagayan C. 2615 B.C.E.

• Vaengai nedu vael varaiyan C.2614 B.C.E.

• Vaet kaal kudingyan C. 2600 B.C.E.

• Maei Ila vael varaiyan C. 2590 B.C.E.

• Sibi Vendhi C. 2580 B.C.E.

• Paru nonji chaamazhingyan C. 2535 B.C.E.

• Vaeqratrtri chembiya chozhan C. 2525 B.C.E.

• Saamazhi chozhiya vaelaan C. 2515 B.C.E.

• Uthi ven gaalai thagan C. 2495 B.C.E.

• Nannan that kaalai thagan C. 2475 B.C.E.

• Vel vaen mindi C. 2445 B.C.E.

• Nedun jembiyan C. 2415 B.C.E.

• Nedu nonji Vendhi C. 2375 B.C.E.

• Maei Vael paqratrtri C. 2330 B.C.E.

• Aai Perun thoan nonji C. 2315 B.C.E.

• Kudiko pungi C. 2275 B.C.E.

• Perun goep poguvan C. 2250 B.C.E.

• Koeth thatrtri C. 2195 B.C.E.

• Vadi sembiyan C. 2160 B.C.E.

• Aalam poguvan C. 2110 B.C.E.

• Nedun jembiyan C. 2085 B.C.E.

• Perum paeyar poguvan C. 2056 B.C.E.

• Kadun jembiyan C. 2033 B.C.E.

• Nedun kathan C. 2015 B.C.E.

• Paru nakkan C. 1960 B.C.E.

• Vani sembiyan C. 1927 B.C.E.

• Udha chira mondhuvan C. 1902 B.C.E.

• Perun kaththan C. 1875 B.C.E.

• Kadun kandhalan C. 1860 B.C.E.

• Nakka monjuvan C. 1799 B.C.E.

• Maarko vael Maandhuvan Aaththikko C. 1786 B.C.E.

• Musukunthan Vaendhi C. 1753 B.C.E.

• Peru nakkan Thatrtri C. 1723 B.C.E.

• Vaer kaththan C. 1703 B.C.E.

• Ambalaththu Irumundruvan C. 1682 B.C.E.

• Kaari mondhuvan C. 1640 B.C.E.

• Vennakkan Thatrtri C. 1615 B.C.E.

• Maarko chunthuvan C. 1565 B.C.E.

• Vaer parunthoan mundruvan C. 1520 B.C.E.

• Udhan kaththan C. 1455 B.C.E.

• Kaariko sunthuvan C. 1440 B.C.E.

• Vendri nungunan C. 1396 B.C.E.

• Mondhuvan Vendhi C. 1376 B.C.E.

• Kaandhaman C. 1359 B.C.E.

• Mundruvan Vendhi C. 1337 B.C.E.

• Kaandhaman C. 1297 B.C.E.

• Monjuvan Vendhi C. 1276 B.C.E.

• Ani sembiyan C. 1259 B.C.E.

• Nungunan Vendhi C. 1245 B.C.E.

• Maarkop perum Cenni C. 1229 B.C.E.

• Monjuvan Nanvendhi C. 1180 B.C.E.

• Kop perunar chenni C. 1170 B.C.E.

• Monthuvan jembiyan C. 1145 B.C.E.

• Narchenni C. 1105 B.C.E.

• Caet chembiyan C. 1095 B.C.E.

• Nakkar chenni C. 1060 B.C.E.

• Parun jembiyan C.1045 B.C.E.

• Venjenni C. 998 B.C.E.

• Musugunthan C. 989 B.C.E.

• Maarkop perun jembiyan C. 960 B.C.E.

• Nedunjenni C.935 B.C.E.

• Thatchembiyan C. 915 B.C.E.

• Ambalaththu iruvaer chembiyan C. 895 B.C.E.

• Kaariko chenni C. 865 B.C.E.

• Venvaer chenni C. 830 B.C.E.

• Kaandhaman, C. 788 B.C.E.

• Kaandhalan C. 721 B.C.E.

• Caetchenni C. 698 B.C.E.

• Vani nungunan C. 680 B.C.E.

• Mudhu sembiyan Vendhi C. 640 B.C.E.

• Peelan jembiyach chozhiyan C. 615 B.C.E.

• Maeyan gadungo C. 590 B.C.E.

• Thiththan C. 570 B.C.E.

• Perunar killi Porvaiko C. 515 B.C.E.

• Kadu mundruvan C. 496 B.C.E.

• Kopperunjozhan C. 495 B.C.E.

• Narkilli Mudiththalai C. 480 B.C.E.

• Thevvan go chozhan C. 465 B.C.E.

• Naran jembiyan C. 455 B.C.E.

• Nakkam peela valavan C. 440 B.C.E.

• Iniyan thevvan jenni C. 410 B.C.E.

• Varcembiyan C. 395B.C.E.

• Nedun jembiyan C. 386 B.C.E.

• Nakkan aran jozhan C. 345 B.C.E.

• Ambalathu irungoch chenni C. 330 B.C.E.

• Perunar killi C. 316 B.C.E.

• Kochaet Cenni C. 286 B.C.E.

• Cerupazhi Erinda Ilanjaetcenni, C. 275 B.C.E.

• Nedungop perunkilli C. 220 B.C.E.

• Cenni Ellagan C. 205 B.C.E.

• Perun gilli C. 165 B.C.E.

• Kopperun jozhiyav ilanjaetcenni C. 140 B.C.E.

• Perunar killi Mudiththalai ko C. 120 B.C.E.

• PerumpootCenni C. 100 B.C.E.

• Ilam perunjenni C. 100 B.C.E.

• Perungilli Vendhi aka Karikaalan I C. 70 B.C.E.

• Nedumudi Killi C. 35 B.C.E.

• Ilavanthigaipalli Thunjiya Maei Nalangilli Caet Cenni, C. 20 B.C.E.

• Aai Vaenalangilli C. 15 B.C.E.

• Uruvapakraer Ilanjaetcenni, C. 10 - 16 C.E.

• 16 C.E. - 30 C.E. Kingdom ruled by a series of Uraiyur chieftains

• Karikaalan II Peruvalaththaan, C. 31 C.E.

• Vaer paqradakkai Perunar killi, C. 99 C.E.

• Perun thiru mavalavan ,Kuraapalli Thunjiya C. 99 C.E.

• Nalangilli C. 111 C.E.

• Perunarkilli , Kula mutrtraththu Thunjiya C. 120 C.E.

• Perunarkilli , Irasasuya vaetta C. 143 C.E.

• Vael kadunkilli C. 192 C.E.

• Kochenganaan C. 220 C.E.

• Nalluruththiran C. 245 C.E.

Genealogy from Chola inscriptions

The genealogy of the Chola family conveyed by the Thiruvalangadu copperplate grant and consist of names that are mostly mythological, and as under.

• Manu

• Ikshvaku

• Vikukshi

• Puranjaya

• Kakutstha

• Kakshivat

• Aryaman

• Analapratapa

• Vena

• Prithu

• Dhundhumara

• Yuvanasva

• Mandhatri

• Muchukunda

• Valabha

• Prithulaksha

• Parthivachudamani

• Dirghabahu

• Chandrajit

• Sankriti

• Panchapa

• Satyavrata

• Rudrajit

• Sibi

• Marutta

• Dushyanta

• Bharata

• Cholavarman

• Rajakesarivarman

• Parakesarin

• Chitraratha

• Chitrasva

• Chitradhanvan

• Suraguru (Mrityujit)

• Chitraratha

• Vyaghraketu

• Narendrapati

• Vasu (Uparichara)

• Visvajit

• Perunatkilli

• Karikala

• Kochchengannan



20 comments:

  1. The list of prehistoric Cholas is interesting but it will be fruitful if the source from which the list is taken is also given. The relation between Nannans, Kadamba kings to Early Cholas needs elaboration. If the Tamil names were transcribed into Prakrit/Pali/Old Sanskrit the picture will be more clear. For example the words like ILANCHEY, CHETCHENNI, MUDITHALAI VETKO etc., are transliterated and can be compared with Puranic/Jain/Buddhist literature.

    ReplyDelete
  2. Cholas are not tamils they are telegu. Chola do not come in BC period. Pallavas are kurubas kannada dynasty. Tamil Nadu is ruled by outsiders. Pandya(Alupas of Coastal side of Karnataka), Chera are Namboothri Brahmins.Please educate your self and learn real history.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. I suggest you do some wider reading 'Bhavana V'.

      The Chola dynasty (also called Choda and Cholan) was an ancient Tamil dynasty, one of the three Tamil dynasties and one of the longest-ruling dynasties in the history of southern India. Together with the Chera and Pandya dynasties, the Cholas formed the three main Tamil dynasties of Iron Age India, who were collectively known as the Three Crowned Kings. The earliest datable references to the dynasty are in inscriptions from the 3rd century BCE, left by Ashoka of the Maurya Empire, and in the ancient Sangam literature.

      The heartland of the Cholas was the fertile valley of the Kaveri River, but they ruled a significantly larger area at the height of their power from the later half of the 9th century until the beginning of the 13th century. The whole country south of the Tungabhadra river was united and held as one state for more than two centuries.[1] Under Emperor Rajaraja Chola I and his successors Rajendra Chola I, Rajadhiraja Chola, Virarajendra Chola and Kulothunga Chola I the dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in South and Southeast Asia. The power of the new empire was proclaimed to the eastern world by the expedition to the Ganges in northern India which Rajendra Chola I undertook and by the occupation of cities of the maritime empire of Srivijaya in Southeast Asia, as well as by the repeated embassies to China. The Chola fleet represented the zenith of ancient Indian sea power.

      During the period 1010–1200, the Chola territories stretched from the islands of the Maldives in the south to as far north as the banks of the Godavari River in Telangana.[2] Rajaraja Chola conquered peninsular South India, annexed parts of which is now Sri Lanka and occupied the islands of the Maldives. Rajendra Chola sent a victorious expedition to North India that touched the Ganges and defeated Mahipala, the Pala ruler of Pataliputra. His army went on to raid what is now Bangladesh.[3] He successfully invaded cities of Srivijaya in Malaysia, Indonesia and Southern Thailand. The Chola dynasty went into decline at the beginning of the 13th century with the rise of the Pandyan dynasty, which ultimately caused their downfall.

      Delete
    2. I suggest you do some wider reading 'Bhavana V'.

      The Chola dynasty (also called Choda and Cholan) was an ancient Tamil dynasty, one of the three Tamil dynasties and one of the longest-ruling dynasties in the history of southern India. Together with the Chera and Pandya dynasties, the Cholas formed the three main Tamil dynasties of Iron Age India, who were collectively known as the Three Crowned Kings. The earliest datable references to the dynasty are in inscriptions from the 3rd century BCE, left by Ashoka of the Maurya Empire, and in the ancient Sangam literature.

      The heartland of the Cholas was the fertile valley of the Kaveri River, but they ruled a significantly larger area at the height of their power from the later half of the 9th century until the beginning of the 13th century. The whole country south of the Tungabhadra river was united and held as one state for more than two centuries.[1] Under Emperor Rajaraja Chola I and his successors Rajendra Chola I, Rajadhiraja Chola, Virarajendra Chola and Kulothunga Chola I the dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in South and Southeast Asia. The power of the new empire was proclaimed to the eastern world by the expedition to the Ganges in northern India which Rajendra Chola I undertook and by the occupation of cities of the maritime empire of Srivijaya in Southeast Asia, as well as by the repeated embassies to China. The Chola fleet represented the zenith of ancient Indian sea power.

      During the period 1010–1200, the Chola territories stretched from the islands of the Maldives in the south to as far north as the banks of the Godavari River in Telangana.[2] Rajaraja Chola conquered peninsular South India, annexed parts of which is now Sri Lanka and occupied the islands of the Maldives. Rajendra Chola sent a victorious expedition to North India that touched the Ganges and defeated Mahipala, the Pala ruler of Pataliputra. His army went on to raid what is now Bangladesh.[3] He successfully invaded cities of Srivijaya in Malaysia, Indonesia and Southern Thailand. The Chola dynasty went into decline at the beginning of the 13th century with the rise of the Pandyan dynasty, which ultimately caused their downfall.

      Delete
    3. Yes Exacty as penelope said, before you make any such comments on Chola Dynasty. You better educate yourselfves "Bhavana V".

      I am from Thanjavur the Capital city of Chola Dynasity where the great Brahadesshwarar Temple is Built. I dont even think that telugu existed when Tamil was born, do some research and you will come to know Tamil is one of the oldest languages in the world even before Sanskrit.


      Delete
    4. Sanskrit(the language of Gods) is the vedic language and the earliest of All

      Delete
    5. Sorry rachit, but tamil is older than Sanskrit

      Delete
    6. Hi bhavana tell me one thing is there any Telugu inscriptions before 500 AD

      Delete
    7. Hi bhavana tell me one thing is there any Telugu inscriptions before 500 AD

      Delete
    8. once upon a time andhra , karnataka and tamilnadu are in same state that time madras is the capital from karnataka and andhra it is very far... because of politics every one need to speek in tamil... ans also ruling is also by Tamil people.... even any one goes to other states they called us madrasi Thats why they andhra and karnataka and tamilnadu is divided now also tamil people think that still south indian people called as madrasi its is over NOW andhra people called as HYDRABADI and karnataka people called as Kannadigas ....
      From Now also wake up guys

      If people thinks that Tamil is the oldest language and more speeking persons why all Puranas and ethihasas (ethics) are writen in Sanskrit...

      According to my knowledge civilization starts from Harappa and Mohenjodaro i dont know what they are spoken ...
      this is based upon my Knowledge ,,,,,... If any one knows more share with me..

      Delete
    9. This means the vast literature of Sangam you do not know, Sanskrit is much later, simply by telling divine origin one cannot escape. Still older civilizations are there with 6 to 7000 yrs B.C. Why there was no Sanskrit if it were to be Divine.

      Delete
  3. Cholas r telegus. Read about mudiraja people, cholas come from that clan of people. Unfortunately Tamils believe and spread lies as history. I come Kannada speaking balija caste. My major is in history. I want to know where u pick this in formation from. No evidence and refrence . u have just uploaded lies has history. When there is nothing that sort of history in tn that dates to BC period. Give me reference from where u got this rubbish theory.I need evidence too.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. I pity you Bhavna!!Being a major in History,you still dont know the real history!!Being a History student you can find references and proofs from your own college library :)

      Delete
    2. @Bhavana there is no way that anyone could tell which clan the early cholas belong to.There is no solid proof that existed over the centuries of conflict. What we have today about early cholas is collection of info that was written in early literature, poems and puranas. But one thing for sure is most of them were written in Tamil and also there are few mentions about chola kings in other languages.
      That being said, as a history student you should have known this!

      Delete
  4. Haan bhawna V loosae thaeriyala nu summa iru na

    ReplyDelete
  5. Pavana is known little bit of cholas history... After adhirajendra period..Kundavi's grand son which was origin with salukiyas appointed as chola king.. thats why she told like that.. but entire history is not under telugu..

    ReplyDelete
  6. Bhavana V..pls dont bring ur state patriotisme here..this is history and pls understand that it has solid prove that cholas are tamilans...and the three rulers after ashoka who known as Tamilakam..yes chera and pandyan has mixture but our cholans are pure tamilan..there is not only one but various proves on this..so pls consider the whole sources before condeming others perspect..im also the descendant of raja raja cholan..and im very proud to say it but now im in Malaysia..but my village is at athivetti thanjavor💪

    ReplyDelete
  7. Cheras are not namboodiri's. Chera kings appointed many high clans to administrate their territory, one of the clan was namboodiri's so ur knowledge on history is too week. Start ur research again instead of books go to fields and research.

    ReplyDelete
  8. The "brahadeesawara" means giant The god hailed this name after Mongolian invasion Initially the god was called Raja ராஜ் or peruagamudayan.

    ReplyDelete